The situation where a big chunk of a country’s
wealth is controlled by a few is typical in poor and developing countries that
embraced the capitalist system. What is disturbing in the data presented late
last month by former economic planning chief Cielito Habito is the magnitude of
such a reality here: The increase in the wealth of the 40 richest families in
the Philippines that made it to the 2012 Forbes list of the world’s
billionaires accounted for 76 percent of the growth of the gross domestic
product (GDP).
It’s one of the biggest rich-poor gaps in the free
world and, Habito observed, the highest in Asia. He cited such examples as
Thailand, where the top 40 families accounted for only 33.7 percent of its
economic growth; Malaysia, 5.6 percent; and Japan, 2.8 percent.
Agence France-Presse also noted that according to
the Forbes 2012 annual rich list, the two wealthiest people in the Philippines,
Henry Sy and Lucio Tan, were worth a combined $13.6 billion, or equivalent to 6
percent of the Philippine economy. In contrast, as the news agency pointed out,
government data showed that about 25 million people, or a quarter of the
population, lived on $1 a day or less in 2009, which was little changed from a
decade earlier. To be poor meant earning less than P16,800 a year (or P1,400 a
month or P47 a day), which covers 26.5 percent of the nearly 100 million
Filipinos. Based on the official poverty data of the National Statistical
Coordination Board, the proportion of poor Filipinos to the total population
was 28.4 percent in 2000, 24.9 percent in 2003, 26.4 percent in 2006, and 26.5
percent in 2009.
This has led to the now oft-repeated term
“inclusive growth,” or economic expansion that creates jobs and reduces
poverty, or allows the fruits to trickle down to the lower-income segments of
society. But this calls for structural reforms, which will take years to
implement. These reforms are “well-known,” Motoo Konishi, the World Bank’s
country director for the Philippines, noted at the Philippine Development Forum
in Davao City. “They have been studied, written about and reflected on for a
long time.” (He also said that now—under the Aquino administration—was the time
to accelerate and sustain the reform agenda.)
Economists agree that little progress has been made
in changing an economic structure that allows one of the worst income
inequalities in Asia. As Habito, a columnist of the Inquirer, was quoted as
saying, “I think it’s obvious to everyone that something is structurally wrong.
The oligarchy has too much control of the country’s resources.”
Income inequality is actually a global problem.
Using different estimation models, a review of income distribution in 141
countries by Isabel Ortiz and Matthew Cummins for Unicef in April 2011 “found a
world in which the top 20 percent of the population enjoys more than 70 percent
of total income, contrasted by two paltry percentage points for those in the
bottom (20 percent) in 2007; using market exchange rates, the richest [20
percent of the] population gets 83 percent of global income with just a single
percentage point for those in the poorest (20 percent).”
“While there is evidence of progress, it is too
slow; we estimate that it would take more than 800 years for the bottom billion
[of the world’s population] to achieve 10 percent of global income under the
current rate of change,” the Unicef paper said. Overall, it noted that the
extreme inequality in the distribution of the world’s income “should make us
question the current development model (development for whom?), which has
accrued mostly to the wealthiest billion.”
At home, as the government struggles to implement
structural reforms, it is actually taking care of the poorest of the poor
through its conditional cash transfer program. The Aquino administration is spending
more than P40 billion this year on this flagship undertaking, which will see 15
million of the nation’s poorest people receive money directly in exchange for
their kids going to school and mothers and children getting proper health care.
